The immune.

TB-500 is a synthetic fragment of thymosin beta-4, a naturally occurring 43-amino-acid peptide found in nearly all human tissues.

Selank is a synthetic peptide developed at the Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Glutathione (GSH) is the body's most abundant endogenous antioxidant tripeptide, composed of glycine, cysteine, and glutamate.

KPV is a naturally occurring tripeptide derived from the C-terminal end of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH).

Thymosin Alpha-1 (Tα1) is a 28-amino-acid peptide originally isolated from thymic tissue and now produced synthetically.

LL-37 is the only human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide, a 37-amino-acid peptide cleaved from the precursor protein hCAP-18.

Thymalin is a thymic peptide bioregulator developed by Vladimir Khavinson (the same researcher behind Epithalon) from bovine thymus extracts.

Thymosin Beta-4 is a 43-amino acid endogenous protein ubiquitously expressed in mammalian tissues, encoded by the TMSB4X gene.

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) is a 28-amino acid endogenous neuropeptide found throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems and gut.

Aviptadil (RLF-100) is a synthetic form of human vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), a 28-amino acid neuropeptide naturally produced throughout the lungs, gut, and nervous system.

Zinc Thymulin is a metallopeptide consisting of the nonapeptide thymulin (pyrGlu-Ala-Lys-Ser-Gln-Gly-Gly-Ser-Asn) complexed with a single zinc ion, which is required for its biological activity.

Vilon is a synthetic dipeptide (Lys-Glu, KE) bioregulator developed by Professor Vladimir Khavinson at the St.

Chonluten is a synthetic tripeptide bioregulator (Glu-Asp-Gly, EDG) developed by Professor Vladimir Khavinson at the St.

Thymus Extract (Thymostimulin) is a partially purified preparation of thymic polypeptides derived from calf thymus tissue, first developed in Italy in 1976.

Thymulin is a zinc-dependent nonapeptide hormone secreted by thymic epithelial cells, first characterized by Bach et al.

Thymosin Beta-4 Sulfoxide (Tβ4-SO) is the oxidized form of thymosin beta-4, generated by the addition of an oxygen atom to the methionine-6 residue.

Alpha-MSH (α-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone) is an endogenous tridecapeptide derived from POMC (pro-opiomelanocortin).

Cortistatin is a neuropeptide belonging to the somatostatin family, existing in three biologically active isoforms: CST-14, CST-17, and CST-29.

Thymopoietin is a 49-amino acid thymic hormone produced by thymic epithelial cells, existing as isoforms (Thymopoietin I, II, and III).

Thymopentin (TP-5) is a synthetic pentapeptide corresponding to residues 32–36 (Arg-Lys-Asp-Val-Tyr) of the thymic hormone Thymopoietin.

Defensins are a family of small (2–5 kDa) cationic antimicrobial peptides with a β-sheet core stabilized by three intramolecular disulfide bonds.

Cathelicidins are a family of endogenous antimicrobial peptides characterized by a conserved N-terminal cathelin domain and a variable C-terminal antimicrobial peptide.

Magainin is a family of broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptides isolated from the skin of the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis, first characterized by Michael Zasloff in 1987.

Cecropins are a family of linear antimicrobial peptides originally isolated from the hemolymph of the silk moth Hyalophora cecropia.