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Leuprolide (leuprorelin) is a synthetic GnRH agonist nonapeptide approved by the FDA under the brand name Lupron for advanced prostate cancer, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and central precocious puberty.

Octreotide is a synthetic octapeptide analogue of the natural hormone somatostatin, FDA-approved for the treatment of acromegaly, carcinoid tumor-related diarrhea, and vasoactive intestinal peptide-secreting tumors (VIPomas).

Teriparatide is a recombinant form of the first 34 amino acids of human parathyroid hormone (PTH 1-34) and the first anabolic osteoporosis treatment approved by the FDA.

Bortezomib (Velcade) is an FDA-approved first-in-class dipeptide boronic acid proteasome inhibitor used in the treatment of multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma.

Cetrorelix is a synthetic decapeptide and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist approved by the FDA under the brand name Cetrotide.

Calcitonin (Miacalcin) is an FDA-approved 32 amino acid polypeptide hormone used for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis, Paget's disease of bone, and hypercalcemia.

Glucagon is a 29-amino acid peptide hormone produced by pancreatic alpha cells and is the principal counterregulatory hormone to insulin.

Lanreotide (brand: Somatuline) is an FDA-approved synthetic octapeptide analog of somatostatin indicated for acromegaly, neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), and carcinoid syndrome.

Bivalirudin is a 20-amino acid synthetic direct thrombin inhibitor (DTI) derived from hirudin, the natural anticoagulant found in medicinal leech saliva.

Carfilzomib (Kyprolis) is an FDA-approved second-generation tetrapeptide epoxyketone proteasome inhibitor used for the treatment of relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma.

Ganirelix is a synthetic decapeptide GnRH antagonist used in assisted reproductive technology to prevent premature LH surges and unintended ovulation during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for IVF.

Vasopressin (Vasostrict) is an FDA-approved synthetic form of the endogenous nonapeptide antidiuretic hormone (ADH) produced by the hypothalamus.

Cortexin is a polypeptide preparation extracted from the cerebral cortex of cattle, developed in part by the Khavinson research group and registered as a pharmaceutical drug in Russia since 1999.

Eptifibatide (Integrilin) is an FDA-approved cyclic heptapeptide antiplatelet agent derived from a disintegrin protein found in the venom of the southeastern pygmy rattlesnake.

Polymyxin B is a cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic produced by Paenibacillus polymyxa, used as a last-resort treatment for multidrug-resistant gram-negative infections.

Nafarelin is a synthetic GnRH agonist decapeptide administered as a nasal spray, approved by the FDA under the brand name Synarel.

Abaloparatide is a 34-amino acid synthetic analog of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) approved by the FDA under the brand name Tymlos for treating osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and men at high fracture risk.

Enfuvirtide (Fuzeon) is an FDA-approved 36 amino acid synthetic peptide that was the first HIV fusion inhibitor and the first of an entirely new class of antiretroviral drugs.

Terlipressin is a synthetic vasopressin analogue and the first FDA-approved medication (approved September 2022) for hepatorenal syndrome with rapid reduction of kidney function (HRS-AKI).

Buserelin is a synthetic GnRH agonist peptide widely approved in Europe, Canada, and other regions under brand names including Suprefact and Suprecur for prostate cancer, endometriosis, and female infertility.

Romidepsin (Istodax) is an FDA-approved bicyclic depsipeptide histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor used for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) and peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL).

Collagen Type II is the primary structural protein of articular cartilage, constituting the major fibrillar component of the cartilaginous ECM.

Pasireotide (brand: Signifor) is an FDA-approved cyclic hexapeptide somatostatin analog with a unique multi-receptor binding profile.

Histrelin is a potent synthetic GnRH agonist nonapeptide delivered via a subcutaneous hydrogel implant providing continuous hormone release for 12 months.

Nesiritide (Natrecor) is an FDA-approved recombinant human B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP-32) structurally identical to the endogenous cardiac hormone.

Gramicidin (gramicidin D) is a mixture of linear 15-amino acid antimicrobial peptides produced by Bacillus brevis, comprising gramicidin A (~80%), B (~5%), and C (~15%).

Secretin is a 27-amino acid gastrointestinal hormone produced by S-cells of the duodenum in response to acidic chyme.

Angiotensin II is an endogenous octapeptide and the primary effector of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS).

Retatrutide (LY3437943) is Eli Lilly's investigational triple hormone receptor agonist targeting GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptors simultaneously.

Exenatide is a synthetic version of exendin-4, a naturally occurring peptide found in the venom of the Gila monster lizard.

Dulaglutide is a once-weekly injectable GLP-1 receptor agonist developed by Eli Lilly and FDA-approved in 2014.

VK2735 is a novel synthetic dual agonist of the GLP-1 and GIP receptors developed by Viking Therapeutics for treatment of obesity and metabolic disorders.

Lixisenatide is a once-daily short-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist derived from exendin-4, modified at the C-terminus with deletion of one proline and addition of six lysine residues.

Pramlintide (brand: Symlin) is a synthetic analog of human amylin, a hormone co-secreted with insulin by pancreatic beta cells.

Cagrilintide is a long-acting synthetic amylin analog developed by Novo Nordisk, designed for once-weekly subcutaneous dosing.

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) is a 28-amino acid endogenous neuropeptide found throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems and gut.

FOXO4-DRI is a synthetic D-amino acid retro-inverso peptide designed to selectively eliminate senescent cells — aged, dysfunctional cells that accumulate with age and drive chronic inflammation.

Peptide YY (PYY) is a 36-amino acid endogenous gut hormone released from L-cells of the distal intestine in proportion to caloric intake.

Humanin is a 24-amino acid mitochondrial-derived peptide (MDP) encoded within the 16S ribosomal RNA gene of the mitochondrial genome.

Gonadorelin is a synthetic decapeptide identical in structure to endogenous gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), produced naturally by the hypothalamus.

Survodutide (BI 456906) is a dual glucagon receptor (GCGR) and GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist developed by Boehringer Ingelheim and Zealand Pharma.

Orforglipron (LY3502970) is an oral, once-daily, non-peptide small-molecule GLP-1 receptor agonist developed by Eli Lilly (originally discovered by Chugai Pharmaceutical).

Mazdutide (IBI362, LY3305677) is a once-weekly dual GLP-1 receptor and glucagon receptor agonist developed by Innovent Biologics in partnership with Eli Lilly, modeled on mammalian oxyntomodulin.

Aviptadil (RLF-100) is a synthetic form of human vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), a 28-amino acid neuropeptide naturally produced throughout the lungs, gut, and nervous system.

Ziconotide (brand name: Prialt) is a synthetic 25-amino acid peptide derived from the omega-conotoxin MVIIA found in the venom of the predatory marine cone snail Conus magus.

Desmopressin (DDAVP) is a synthetic analogue of the endogenous posterior pituitary hormone arginine vasopressin (AVP), modified at two positions: deamination of the N-terminal cysteine (1-desamino) and substitution of L-arginine with D-arginine at position 8.

Ovagen is a synthetic tripeptide bioregulator (Glu-Asp-Leu, EDL) developed by Professor Vladimir Khavinson targeting the liver and gastrointestinal tract.

Chonluten is a synthetic tripeptide bioregulator (Glu-Asp-Gly, EDG) developed by Professor Vladimir Khavinson at the St.

Retinalamin is a polypeptide preparation isolated from bovine retinal tissue, developed by Professor Vladimir Khavinson and registered as a pharmaceutical drug in Russia for the treatment of retinal degenerative diseases.

Alarelin is a synthetic nine-amino-acid GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) agonist developed and approved in China for controlled ovarian hyperstimulation in assisted reproductive technology (ART).

Angiotensin 1-7 is an endogenous heptapeptide produced from angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2).

Substance P is an 11-amino acid neuropeptide belonging to the tachykinin family, with the sequence Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gln-Phe-Phe-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2.

PACAP (Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide) is a highly conserved neuropeptide belonging to the VIP/secretin/glucagon superfamily.

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino acid neuropeptide and one of the most abundant neuropeptides in the mammalian central nervous system.

CGRP (Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide) is a 37-amino acid neuropeptide produced by alternative splicing of the calcitonin gene.

Motilin is a 22-amino acid gastrointestinal hormone secreted by Mo/M cells of the upper small intestine during the fasting state.

Galanin is a 29-amino acid neuropeptide (30 AA in humans) widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous system and GI tract.

Nociceptin (Orphanin FQ) is a 17-amino acid neuropeptide and the endogenous ligand for the NOP receptor (ORL-1, opioid receptor-like 1).

Cortistatin is a neuropeptide belonging to the somatostatin family, existing in three biologically active isoforms: CST-14, CST-17, and CST-29.

Dermorphin is a heptapeptide (7 amino acids) isolated from the skin of Phyllomedusa South American tree frogs.

Kyotorphin (Tyr-Arg) is an endogenous analgesic dipeptide isolated from bovine brain in 1979.

Deltorphin is a family of heptapeptides isolated from the skin of South American Phyllomedusa frogs.

Bradykinin is an endogenous nonapeptide generated from kininogens by the enzyme kallikrein.

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a 21-amino acid peptide produced primarily by vascular endothelial cells and is the most potent endogenous vasoconstrictor known.

MIF-1 (Melanocyte Inhibiting Factor 1), also designated Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 or PLG, is a cyclic tripeptide endogenously derived from oxytocin.

Collagen dipeptides, principally Pro-Hyp (Prolyl-Hydroxyproline) and Hyp-Gly (Hydroxyproline-Glycine), are the primary bioavailable fragments generated during digestion of hydrolyzed collagen supplements.

Somatostatin is an endogenous cyclic peptide existing in 14-amino acid (SST-14) and 28-amino acid (SST-28) isoforms.

RGDS (Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser) is the prototype integrin-binding tetrapeptide sequence derived from fibronectin.