The cognitive.

Semax is a synthetic peptide derived from adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) fragment 4-10, developed at the Institute of Molecular Genetics in Moscow.

Selank is a synthetic peptide developed at the Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Cerebrolysin is a mixture of low-molecular-weight neuropeptides and free amino acids derived from porcine brain tissue through controlled enzymatic proteolysis.

Oxytocin is a 9-amino acid endogenous neuropeptide produced in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary gland.

N-Acetyl Semax Amidate is a modified analog of Semax, itself derived from the ACTH(4-7) fragment.

Cortexin is a polypeptide preparation extracted from the cerebral cortex of cattle, developed in part by the Khavinson research group and registered as a pharmaceutical drug in Russia since 1999.

Dihexa is an oligopeptide derived from angiotensin IV that was developed at Washington State University by Joseph Harding and colleagues.

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) is a 28-amino acid endogenous neuropeptide found throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems and gut.

Humanin is a 24-amino acid mitochondrial-derived peptide (MDP) encoded within the 16S ribosomal RNA gene of the mitochondrial genome.

Pinealon is a short synthetic tripeptide (Glu-Asp-Arg) developed by Professor Vladimir Khavinson at the St.

Cortagen is a synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Pro) developed by Professor Vladimir Khavinson as a brain cortex bioregulator.

N-Acetyl Semax is an acetylated derivative of Semax, a synthetic heptapeptide analogue of the ACTH(4-10) fragment developed in Russia.

Noopept (INN: Omberacetam) is a synthetic dipeptide derivative developed in Russia by the Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology.

Adamax is a synthetic neuropeptide combining the N-acetyl Semax backbone with an adamantyl modification derived from P21, another BDNF-potentiating nootropic.

PACAP (Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide) is a highly conserved neuropeptide belonging to the VIP/secretin/glucagon superfamily.

Galanin is a 29-amino acid neuropeptide (30 AA in humans) widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous system and GI tract.

Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) is a neurotrophic growth factor and member of the neurotrophin family, which includes NGF, BDNF, and NT-4.

Semax 4-7 is the core tetrapeptide sequence Met-Glu-His-Phe, corresponding to ACTH amino acids 4–7.